Social media refers to the interaction amongst people via the internet where they share stories and pictures. Publishing matters that have reporting restrictions on social media could lead to an offence.
- 1. s29 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE)
- 2. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) Code C (revised): Code of Practice for the detention, treatment and questioning of persons by police officers, Home Office, published 20 August 2019, last updated 4 November 2020, https://bit.ly/3HMoTJH
- 3. Concordat on children in custody: preventing the detention of children in police stations following charge, Home Office, published October 2017, last updated 16 January 2020, https://bit.ly/3l0GiEC, p3
- 4. Research by Just for Kids Law found that 1,209 children were detained overnight (4 hours or more between midnight and 8am) post-charge by the Metropolitan Police Service in 2019
- 5. s37(3) PACE as amended by s54(6) Policing and Crime Act 2017
- 6. s40(3) PACE
- 7. ss41–44 PACE
- 8. National Police Chiefs’ Council, April 2015, https://bit.ly/31ZV2Kg
- 9. National strategy for the policing of children and young people, p8, https://bit.ly/31ZV2Kg
- 10. College of Policing, Authorised Professional Practice (APP), ‘Detention and custody / Detainee care / Children and young persons’, Section 2 ‘Arrest and detention of children and young persons’, https://bit.ly/3cKHmb2
- 11. s38(1)(a)(i) PACE
- 12. s38(1)(a)(ii) PACE
- 13. s38(1)(a)(vi) PACE
- 14. s38(1)(a)(iv) PACE
- 15. s38(1)(a)(v) PACE
- 16. s38(1)(b)(ii) PACE
- 17. s38(3) PACE
- 18.a. b. Concordat on children in custody p12
- 19. s38(6A) PACE
- 20. s38(6)(a) and (7) PACE
- 21. R (M) v Gateshead Council [2006] EWCA Civ 221, para 41
- 22. R (M) v Gateshead Council [2006] EWCA Civ 221, para 43
- 23. R (M) v Gateshead Council [2006] EWCA Civ 221, para 23
- 24. Concordat on children in custody p14
- 25. s39(4) PACE
- 26. s46 PACE
- 27. https://bit.ly/32J7tO7
- 28. https://bit.ly/3nIjriQ
- 29. https://bit.ly/3l0GiEC
- 30. https://bit.ly/31ZV2Kg
- 31. https://bit.ly/3cKHmb2
- 32. https://bit.ly/3DNSOi9
- 33. https://bit.ly/3DFPm9j
- 34. s3(1) Mental Capacity Act 2005 states: ‘a person is unable to make a decision for himself if he is unable– (a) to understand the information relevant to the decision,(b) to retain that information,(c) to use or weigh that information as part of the process of making the decision, or (d) to communicate his decision (whether by talking, using sign language or any other means).’
- 35. Minimum ages of criminal responsibility in Europe, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), bit.ly/3iwZp81
- 36. ‘Scientific developments in child and adolescent brain development, policy and the law’, S Lambe, International Association of Youth and Family Judges and Magistrates Chronicle, July 2018; ‘Should the science of adolescent brain development inform public policy?’, L Steinberg, Issues in Science and Technology, Vol XXVIII, No 3, Spring 2012, bit.ly/3AlKTGs
- 37. See Nobody made the connection, Children’s Commissioner, 2012, bit.ly/3A6bMOn
- 38. Judicial College, February 2021, bit.ly/2ZOD3IB
- 39. ETBB p4 para 4
- 40. ‘Effective communication underlies the entire legal process: ensuring that everyone involved understands and is understood. Otherwise the legal process will be impeded or derailed’: ETBB p6 para 8
- 41. ETBB p5 para 4
- 42. ETBB ch 2
- 43. ETBB ch 2 p50 para 12
- 44. ETBB ch 2 p56 para 41; Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR) 2020 SI 2020/759 (as amended) 3.8(3)(b)
- 45. ETBB ch 2 p50 para 7
- 46. Unfitness to plead (Law Com No 364): Vol 1, Law Commission, 12 January 2016, bit. ly/2YfqJjO, para 1.101
- 47. Unfitness to plead para 1.101
- 48. The parties are under a duty to alert the court to any ‘potential impediment to the defendant’s effective participation in the trial’: CrimPR 3.3(2) (f), inserted by Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2021 SI 2021/40
- 49. ‘Every court in dealing with a child or young person who is brought before it, either as an offender or otherwise, shall have regard to the welfare of the child or young person’: s44(1) Children and Young Persons Act (CYPA) 1933; see also CrimPD 3D.2
- 50. See, in particular, CrimPD 3G ‘Vulnerable defendants’; for more details, see Youth Justice Legal Centre’s (YJLC’s) Legal Guide, Criminal Practice Directions: bit.ly/3a1FIkj
- 51.a. b. SC v UK [2004] ECHR 263
- 52. ETBB ch 4 p133 para 116
- 53.a. b. [2004] ECHR 263
- 54.a. b. [2005] EWHC 2583 (Admin)
- 55. [2005] EWHC 2583 (Admin) para 26
- 56. See CrimPD 3D–3N and 3P
- 57. s44(1) CYPA 1933
- 58. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 3(1): ‘In all actions concerning children ... by ... courts of law … the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration’
- 59. [1994] ECHR 6
- 60. [1994] ECHR 6 para 26
- 61. [1999] ECHR 171
- 62. Who in fact had the functional age of an 8- or 9-year-old
- 63. [1999] ECHR 171 para 86
- 64. [1999] ECHR 171 para 87
- 65. [2004] ECHR 263 para 29
- 66. [2004] ECHR 263 para 35
- 67. Available at: bit.ly/3x0Jl3p
- 68. [2000] 1 WLR 659 para 1
- 69. CrimPD 1A.3: ‘Participants must comply with the Rules and Practice Direction, and directions made by the court, and so it is the responsibility of the courts and those who participate in cases to be familiar with, and to ensure that these provisions are complied with’
- 70. CrimPR 3.3(2)(f)
- 71. CrimPD 3D.2; CrimPR 3.8(3)(a), (b)
- 72. s44 CYPA 1933
- 73.a. b. CrimPD 3D.2
- 74. CrimPD 3F.24: ‘Communication needs … are common to many witnesses and defendants under 18. Consideration should therefore be given to the communication needs of all children and young people appearing in the criminal courts and to adapting the trial process to address any such needs’
- 75. Amended on 5 April 2021, by SI 2021/40
- 76. CrimPR 18.27(1)(a)(i)
- 77. Available at: bit. ly/3uKsv8T. See also the YJLC Legal Guide Criminal Practice Directions, bit. ly/3a1FIkj, pp8–10
- 78. R v Walls [2011] EWCA Crim 443 para 37
- 79. R (C) v Sevenoaks Youth Court [2009] EWHC 3088 (Admin); R (D) v Camberwell Youth Court [2005] UKLH 4. See also CrimPD 3F.12, 3F.13, 3F.16
- 80. See YJLC Legal Guide Intermediaries for child defendants p5
- 81.a. b. See YJLC toolkit on instructing an expert
- 82. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- 83. Autism spectrum disorder
- 84. Post-traumatic stress disorder
- 85. See CrimPD 3E; YJLC Legal Guide Criminal Practice Directions; and YJLC Legal Guide Intermediaries for child defendants
- 86. V v UK[1999] ECHR 171; SC v UK [2004] ECHR 263
- 87. R (P) v West London Youth Court [2005] EWHC 2583 (Admin)
- 88. Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964: see further below
- 89. CPS v P [2007] EWHC 946 Admin
- 90. R (TP) v West London Youth Court [2005] EWHC 2583 (Admin), para 14
- 91. P v Barking Youth Court [2002] EWHC 734 (Admin). See also R (Varma) v Redbridge Magistrates’ Court [2009] EWHC 836 (Admin), para 10
- 92. Unfitness to plead paras 1.92 and 1.95
- 93. s37(1) MHA 1983 provides the power of the court to order admission to hospital
- 94. This means that there is no statutory function by which the youth court can address participation difficulties arising in a case concerning nonimprisonable offences, where trial adjustments are not sufficient
- 95. s37(2) MHA 1983: The conditions referred to in subsection (1) above are that ‘(a) the court is satisfied, on the written or oral evidence of two registered medical practitioners, that the offender is suffering from mental disorder and that either (i) the mental disorder from which the offender is suffering is of a nature or degree which makes it appropriate for him to be detained in a hospital for medical treatment and appropriate medical treatment is available for him …’
- 96. s41 MHA 1983
- 97. s37(1) MHA 1983
- 98. See s37(2)(a)(ii) MHA 1983
- 99. As amended by the Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991 and the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004
- 100. (1836) 7 C&P 303
- 101. [2003] EWCA Crim 2452
- 102. R v M (John) [2003] EWCA Crim 3452. This last criteria was added later as in 1836, when the original Pritchard test came into being, a defendant did not have a right to give evidence on their own behalf. Note that M (John) was decided before the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, which introduced judgeonly determinations of the defendant’s unfitness under s4 CPIA 1964
- 103. R v Podola [1960] 1QB 325 para 350
- 104. R v Robertson [1968] 1 WLR 1767 para 695
- 105. ss4, 4A CPIA 1964 (as amended by the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004)
- 106. s4(5) CPIA 1964
- 107. s4(6) CPIA 1964
- 108. R v Walls [2011] EWCA Crim 443 para 38
- 109. s4(2) CPIA 1964
- 110. s4A(3) CPIA 1964
- 111. s4A CPIA 1964
- 112. R v Norman [2008] EWCA Crim 1810 para 34
- 113. See: bit.ly/3DcXxcn
- 114. s35(2)(a) and (3) MHA 1983
- 115. s35(7) MHA 1983
- 116. s36(2) MHA 1983
- 117. s36(6) MHA 1983
- 118. s5(2)(a) CPIA 1964; ss37 and 41 MHA 1983
- 119. s5(2)(b) and Sch 1A Part 1 CPIA 1964
- 120. Sch 1A CPIA 1964
- 121. s5(2)(c) CPIA 1964
- 122. s12 PCCSA 2000
- 123. Herman, ‘Justice from the victim’s perspective’, June 2005, Violence Against Women 11(5):571-602
- 124. Van Velsen, GorstUnsworth & Turner, ‘Survivors of Torture and organized violence: Demography and diagnosis’, Journal of Traumatic Stress’ 1996
- 125. Herlihy & Turner, ‘Untested assumptions: psychological research and credibility assessment in legal decision-making’, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2015
- 126. ‘Understanding traumatic stress in adolescents: a primer for substance abuse professionals’, National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2008, https://bit.ly/3wDbEp4
- 127. Martin, Woodhouse & Burke, ‘Being traumainformed – in practice’, Journal of The Law Society of Scotland, October 2019
- 128. ‘Establishing a traumainformed lawyer-client relationship’, American Bar Association, 2014, https://bit.ly/3myWk88
- 129. ‘SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach’, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4884, 2014, https://bit.ly/3wFcTnG
- 130. https://bit.ly/3muYzJV
- 131. Feierman & Fine, ‘Trauma and resilience’, Juvenile Law Center, May 2014, https://bit.ly/3d4LZhr
- 132. Children Act 1989, section 20
- 133. Lammy Review, 2017, https://bit.ly/3t9KhRy
- 134. A child client must be able to effectively participate to make their trial compliant with Article 6(1) of the ECHR – see V v UK [1999] ECHR 171
- 135. Given-Wilson, Herlihy & Hodes, ‘Telling the story: a psychological review on assessing adolescents’ asylum claims’, Canadian Psychology, 2016; Spinhoven, Bean, & Eurelings-Bontekoe, ‘Course and predictors of mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors in the Netherlands: one year follow-up’, Social Science & Medicine, Volume 64, Issue 6, March 2007
- 136. Habermas & de Silveira, ‘The development of global coherence in life narratives across adolescence: Temporal, causal, and thematic aspects’ Developmental Psychology 44(3) 707-721,2008
- 137. de Decker et al, ‘Autobiographical memory specificity and affect regulation: an experimental approach’, American Psychological Association, 2003
- 138. R v D [2008] EWCA Crim 2557
- 139. The Advocate’s Gateway, Toolkit 18: ‘Working with traumatised witnesses, defendants and parties’, https://bit.ly/3s7orwu
- 140. CrimPD 3P.15
- 141. ‘Submitting a CRM4’, eForms Quick Guide, LAA, available at: https://bit.ly/3uuIjLA
- 142. CrimPD 2015 Amendment No 7 [2018] EWCA Crim 1760
- 143. Ministry of Justice, prepared for: Her Majesty’s Court Service, September 2010
- 144. Youth court, magistrates’ court and Crown Court
- 145. This includes child defendants, child witnesses and child victims
- 146. s44(1) Children and Young Person Act 1933
- 147. s11(1) Children Act (CA) 2004; and s55 Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 imposes a similar duty on the Home Office in the exercise of its functions including identifying victims of trafficking
- 148. s11(1)(a)–(b) CA 2004
- 149. s11(1)(h)–(i) CA 2004
- 150. s11(1)(k) CA 2004
- 151. s11(1)(l) CA 2004
- 152. ‘Child centred policing: National strategy for the policing of children and young people’, National Police Chiefs’ Council, 2015, https://bit.ly/31ZV2Kg
- 153. Childs, Given-Wilson, Butler, Memon & Gudjonsson, ‘Vulnerability to interrogative suggestibility from negative life events. A comparison of separated asylum-seeking youth and age-matched peers’, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol 173, 2021
- 154. Childs, Given-Wilson, Butler, Memon & Gudjonsson, 2021 (above)
- 155. PD v Merseyside Police [2015] EWCA Civ 114 para 44
- 156. The HM Inspectorate of Constabulary report ‘The welfare of vulnerable people in police custody’ (March 2015) found that whilst strip searches were mostly undertaken appropriately, some detainees felt strongly that strip searches were not only ‘undignified and degrading’, but that they were not always justifiable (p19, https://bit.ly/39YmSe3)
- 157. ‘Detainee care’, para5.1 Clothing
- 158. para4.14(d) Code for Crown Prosecutors 2018, Full Code Test, https://bit.ly/2OwSpfC
- 159. C v Sevenoaks Youth Court [2009] EWHC 3088 (Admin) para17
- 160. s33A YJCEA 1999; R (S) v Waltham Forest Youth Court & others [2004] EWHC 715 (Admin)
- 161. s109(1) Coroners and Justice Act 2003; C v Sevenoaks Youth Court [2009] EWHC 3088 (Admin); R (OP) v Secretary of State for Justice & others [2014] EWHC 1944 (Admin)
- 162. In R v Grant-Murray [2017] EWCA Crim 1228 the Court of Appeal confirmed ‘if confirmation is needed, that the principles in [R v Lubemba [2014] EWCA Crim 2064 (in which the court highlighted best practice for vulnerable witnesses)] apply to child defendants as witnesses in the same way as they apply to any other vulnerable witness’ (para226)
- 163. CrimPD 3E.3
- 164. Equal Treatment Bench Book, 2021, Chapter 2, https://bit.ly/2Q9yUu2
- 165. https://bit.ly/3tbXI3j
- 166. https://bit.ly/3s7orwu
- 167. https://bit.ly/3rXzp7K
- 168. [2017] EWCA Crim 1228 para226
- 169. [2014] EWCA Crim 2064
- 170. ‘Adverse inferences’, CPS legal guidance, updated August 2018, https://bit.ly/3d2qXQt
- 171. T v DPP [2007] EWHC 1793 (Admin)
- 172. R v Howell [2003] EWCA Crim 1; R v D [2013] EWCA Crim 465
- 173. https://bit.ly/31WP5xl
- 174. Updated March 2021, https://bit.ly/3t5yYcP
- 175. Press and Thompson v R [2013] EWCA Crim 1849
- 176. R v Canns [2005] EWCA Crim 2264
- 177. R v Bowen [1996] 2 Cr App R 157, CA
- 178. For loss of control, see R v Holley [2005] 2AC 580
- 179. ‘Trauma-informed legal advocacy: a resource for juvenile defense attorneys’, National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2018, https://bit.ly/3s5o59H
- 180. ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Anti-social behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, Home Office, January 2021, p23
- 181. ‘SCYJ guide to the new anti-social behaviour powers’, Standing Committee for Youth Justice, February 2015, p12, https://bit.ly/3snZRc6 & ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Antisocial behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, Home Office, August 2019, p29, https://bit.ly/3nIrZ63 pp17–19
- 182. s22(1) ASBCPA 2014
- 183. Part 1 ASBCPA 2014 sets out the relevant statutory provisions relating to ASBIs
- 184. Part 4 Policing & Crime Act (PCA) 2009 sets out the statutory provisions relating to Anti-Gang Injunctions
- 185. ‘Criminal Behaviour Orders’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors, updated 13 May 2020, ‘File review’, http://bit.ly/2LOHlZN
- 186. ‘Criminal Behaviour Orders’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors, updated 13 May 2020, ‘File review’
- 187. ‘Criminal Behaviour Orders’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors, updated 13 May 2020
- 188. s22(8) ABCPA 2014
- 189. See, for example, ‘Standards for children in the youth justice system 2019’, Youth Justice Board, 2019, p2, http://bit.ly/38Kjzak
- 190. ‘Criminal Behaviour Orders’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors, updated 13 May 2020; ‘Criminal Behaviour Order – process to find out the view of the local youth offending team’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors https://bit.ly/2YetYoG
- 191. ‘Criminal Behaviour Orders’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors, updated 13 May 2020; ‘Criminal Behaviour Order – process to find out the view of the local youth offending team’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors
- 192. ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Anti-social behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, Home Office, January 2021, p37’
- 193. Examples given include: schools and colleges of further education; providers of probation services; social services; mental health services; housing providers or others
- 194. ‘YOT Practitioner’s Guide: civil injunctions and the Criminal Behaviour Order’, Youth Justice Board, 2015, p15
- 195. This table is extracted from the statutory guidance, see ‘YOT Practitioner’s Guide: civil injunctions and the Criminal Behaviour Order’, Youth Justice Board, 2015, p15
- 196.a. b. c. R v Khan [2018] EWCA Crim 1472 para 20
- 197. R v Khan [2018] EWCA Crim 1472 para 18, referring to ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Anti-social behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, Home Office, January 2021, p36
- 198. ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Anti-social behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, Home Office, January 2021, p4
- 199. R (W) v DPP 169 JP 435 DC
- 200. s22(7) ASBCPA 2014
- 201. s22(3) ASBCPA 2014
- 202. s22(4) ASBCPA 2014
- 203. CrimPR 31.3(3)
- 204. CrimPR 31.3(4)
- 205. CrimPR 31.8
- 206.a. b. CrimPR 31.7
- 207. CrimPR 31.3(4) & 31.6
- 208. s23(3) ASBCPA 2014 & provided the notice of application was served in accordance with CrimPr 31.2
- 209. R v Khan [2018] EWCA Crim 1472
- 210. s26 ASBCPA 2014
- 211. s26(2) ASBCPA 2014
- 212. s26(3) ASBCPA 2014
- 213. s23(4) ASBCPA 2014
- 214. s23(5) & (6) ASBCPA 2014
- 215. M v DPP [2007] EWHC 1032 (Admin); R v Khan [2018] EWCA Crim 1472, para 13
- 216. R v Asfi [2016] EWCA Crim 1236
- 217. R v Lima [2010] EWCA Crim 284
- 218. R (W) v Acton Youth Court [2005] EWHC 954 (Admin)
- 219. s23(2) ASBCPA 2014
- 220. s33(5) ASBCPA 2014
- 221. s22(5)(a)–(b) ASBCPA 2014
- 222. s22(4) & (5) ASBCPA 2014
- 223.a. b. s22(9) ASBCPA 2014
- 224. ‘YOT Practitioner’s Guide: civil injunctions and the Criminal Behaviour Order’, Youth Justice Board, 2015, pp9–10
- 225. DPP v Bulmer [2015] EWHC 2323 (Admin), para 46; R v Janes [2016] EWCA 676, para 18; also: R v Boness [2005] EWCA Crim 2395, para 38
- 226. R v Boness [2005] EWCA 2395, paras 19–23; also R v Khan [2018] EWCA Crim 1472, para 14
- 227. See: R v Simsek [2015] EWCA Crim 1268, para 18; & ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Anti-social behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, Home Office, January 2021, p4
- 228.a. b. DPP v Bulmer [2015] EWHC 2323 (Admin), para 23
- 229. s24(2) ASBCPA 2014
- 230. ss24(4)) ASBCPA 2014
- 231. s30(5) ASBCPA 2014. Note that reporting restrictions continue to apply to the offence the child has been convicted of
- 232. Youth court, magistrates’ court & Crown Court
- 233. s39 Children and Young Persons Act 1933
- 234. R (T) v St Albans Crown Court [2002] EWHC 1129 (Admin)
- 235. ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Anti-social behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, Home Office, January 2021, p40
- 236. ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Anti-social behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, January 2021, p40
- 237. ‘Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014: Anti-social behaviour powers; Statutory guidance for frontline professionals’, Home Office, January 2021
- 238. s27(1) ASBCPA 2014
- 239. s27(4) ASBCPA 2014
- 240. These circumstances would be analogous to the circumstances for variation or discharge of an ASBO under the old regime, when the court could consider ‘that he has mended his ways, left the area, got a proper job or any other considerations which may lead the magistrate to think that the prohibition on him can now be lifted’. See: ‘Criminal Behaviour Orders’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors, updated 13 May 2020, ‘Variation or discharge of an order (s27)
- 241. s142 Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 cannot be used to correct errors in CBOs, as it is only available to criminal proceedings. In the Crown Court, any errors can be corrected via the ‘slip rules’ as long as this happens within 56 days of the error and parties are put on notice
- 242. s30(1) ASBCPA 2014
- 243. The ordinary allocation rules for the youth court apply, with a presumption of trial in the youth court. See, for instance, ‘Criminal Behaviour Orders’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors, updated 13 May 2020, ‘Youths: breaches of CBOs’
- 244. R v Charles (2009) EWCA Crim 1570
- 245. ‘Criminal Behaviour Orders’, CPS Legal Guidance for Crown Prosecutors, updated 13 May 2020, ‘Youths: breaches of CBOs’
- 246. Sir William MacPherson, ‘The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry’, February 1999, para 6.39, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf
- 247. ‘The Macpherson Report: Twenty-two years on: Third Report of Session 2021–22’, House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, HC 139, 30 July 2021, https://committees.parliament.uk/work/347/the-macpherson-report-twentyone-years-on/publications/
- 248. ‘The Macpherson Report: Twenty-two years on ‘ p13; source: Baroness Lawrence, Evidence to the Home Affairs Select Committee, 5 February 2019
- 249. ‘The Macpherson Report: Twenty-two years on ‘ p8
- 250. ‘The Macpherson Report: Twenty-two years on ‘ p124, para 415: ‘As part of its 2021 report, HMICFRS [HM Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire and Rescue Services] examined whether there was disproportionality in the use of force and concluded that despite limitations in the way police forces record “use of force”, and incomplete data (some forces are not recording the ethnicity of individuals subjected to force), “the data suggests a disproportionate use of force”.701 Based on 2019/20 data, it stated that Black people were about 5.7 times more likely to have force used on them than White people’
- 251.a. b. c. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, YJB and MOJ, 27 January 2022, Figure 7.6, https://assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 252. Abdi v R [2022] EWCA Crim 315
- 253. K Samuelson, ‘Rap on Trial: the battle to keep lyrics out of courtrooms’, The Week, 25 January 2022, www.theweek.co.uk/news/ crime/955521/rap-on-trial-battle-stop-lyrics-courtrooms
- 254. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, Youth Justice Board (YJB) and Ministry of Justice (MOJ), 27 January 2022, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_ Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 255. ‘More than half of UK’s black children live in poverty, analysis shows’, The Guardian, 2 January 2022, www.theguardian.com/world/2022/ jan/02/more-than-half-of-uks-black-children-live-in-poverty-analysis-shows
- 256. ‘Exclusion rates five times higher for black Caribbean pupils in parts of England’, The Guardian, 24 March 2021, www.theguardian.com/ education/2021/mar/24/exclusion-rates-black-caribbean-pupils-england
- 257. ‘“School-to-prison pipeline”’: youth justice services failing black boys’, The Guardian, 21 October 2021, www.theguardian.com/ society/2021/oct/21/youth-justice-services-still-failing-black-and-mixed-heritage-boys-finds-report
- 258. See by analogy, the Associated Press style guide on capitalising ‘Black’ – namely emphasising that ‘lowercase black is a color, not a person’: https://apnews.com/article/archive-race-and-ethnicity-9105661462
- 259. Sir William MacPherson, ‘The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry’, February 1999, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf
- 260. ‘Oral statement to Parliament: Stop and search: Comprehensive package of reform for police stop and search powers’, Home Office and Theresa May, 30 April 2014, www.gov.uk/government/speeches/stop-and-search-comprehensive-package-of-reform-for-police-stopand- search-powers
- 261. ‘The Lammy Review: An independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals in the Criminal Justice System’, 2017, www.gov.uk/government/publications/lammy-review-final-report
- 262. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, YJB and MOJ, 27 January 2022, para 3, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 263. ‘Ethnic disproportionality in remand and sentencing in the youth justice system: Analysis of administrative data’, YJB, 2021, para 44, p16
- 264. ‘Ethnic disproportionality in remand and sentencing in the youth justice system: Analysis of administrative data’, YJB, 2021, p52, https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/952483/Ethnic_disproportionality_in_ remand_and_sentencing_in_the_youth_justice_system.pdf
- 265. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, YJB and MOJ, 27 January 2022, para 7.9, p45, https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 266. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, YJB and MOJ, 27 January 2022, Figure 7.6, p36, https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 267.a. b. V Weisz, T Wingrove and A Faith-Slaker, ‘Children and procedural justice’, Court Review, Vol 44, p38, www.proceduralfairness.org/__ data/assets/pdf_file/0019/5770/weisz.pdf
- 268. V Weisz, T Wingrove and A Faith-Slaker, ‘Children and procedural justice’, Court Review, Vol 44, p41, www.proceduralfairness.org/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0019/5770/weisz.pdf
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- 270. See, for instance, YJB research relating to the racial bias in Asset risk assessment: ‘Ethnic disproportionality in remand and sentencing in the youth justice system: Analysis of administrative data’, 2021, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/952483/Ethnic_disproportionality_in_remand_and_sentencing_in_the_youth_justice_system.pdf. See also Dr Jahnine Davis’ research on adultification: J Davis and N Marsh, ‘Boys to men: the cost of “adultification” in safeguarding responses to Black boys’, Critical and Radical Social Work, (2020) vol 8, no 2, 255–259, DOI: 10.1332/204986020X15945756023543
- 271. For more information, see W McMahon and R Roberts, ‘Truth and lies about “race” and “crime”’, CJM 83: Myths and criminal justice, www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/publications/cjm/article/truth-and-lies-about-race-and-crime
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- 273. Dr Chester Pierce, ’Offensive Mechanisms’, in The Black Seventies, ed Floyd B Barbour (Boston: P Sargent, 1970), 265–266
- 274. Racial Justice for Youth: A Toolkit for Defenders, ‘Confronting Bias’, Georgetown Juvenile Justice Clinic & Initiative and the Gault Center: Defenders of Youth Rights, 2021/22, www.defendracialjustice.org/confronting-bias/
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- 276. s37 Crime and Disorder Act 1998
- 277. s44 Children and Young Persons Act 1933
- 278. s11(2)(a) Children Act 2004
- 279. Art 3(1) UN Convention on the Rights of the Child; see also the European Court of Human Rights decision in Neulinger and Shuruk v Switzerland, App No 41615/07, [2010] ECHR 1053, (2010) 28 BHRC 706 which highlights that ‘in all decisions concerning children, their best interests must be paramount’ (at para 135)
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- 296. Arab News, ‘UK cop avoids being fired over Islamophobia’, 31 May 2021, www.arabnews.com/node/1867886/world
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- 303. S Paul, ‘Tackling racial injustice: Children and the youth justice system’, JUSTICE, 2021, p77, at para 4.10 https://files.justice.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2021/02/23104938/JUSTICE-Tackling-Racial-Injustice-Children-and-the-Youth-Justice-System.pdf
- 304. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, YJB and MOJ, 27 January 2022, Figure 1.5, https://assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 305. December 2021, https://yjlc.uk/resources/legal-guides-and-toolkits/police-bail-and-remand-children
- 306. ‘Racial disproportionality, children and young people in custody (part 1): Entry into the youth justice system’, House of Commons, Justice Committee, 12 November 2020, para 75, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmjust/306/30602.htm
- 307.a. b. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, YJB and MOJ, 27 January 2022, para 2.2, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 308. Cited in ‘Disparities in youth diversion – an evidence review’, Centre for Justice Innovation, January 2021, taken from: S Steen, CEW Bond, GS Bridges, and CE Kubrin,. ‘Explaining assessments of future risk. race and attributions of juvenile offenders in presentencing reports’, in ‘Our children, their children: confronting racial and ethnic differences in American juvenile justice’, 245–269, edited by F Darnell, DF Hawkins and K Kempf-Leonard, University of Chicago Press
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- 312.a. b. A Ofori, B Jolaoso, C Robin-D’Cruz, S Whitehead, ‘Equal diversion? Racial disproportionality in youth diversion’, Centre for Justice Innovation, March 2021, p12, https://justiceinnovation.org/publications/equal-diversion-racial-disproportionality-youth-diversion
- 313. S Paul, ‘Tackling racial injustice: children and the youth justice system’, JUSTICE, 2021, pp45-46, para 2.62, https://files.justice.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2021/02/23104938/JUSTICE-Tackling-Racial-Injustice-Children-and-the-Youth-Justice-System.pdf.
- 314. ‘Prosecution and case management: Justice outcomes: Possible justice outcomes following investigation’, College of Policing Authorised Professional Practice (APP), published 23 October 2013, last modified 24 March 2022, www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/prosecutionand-case-management/justice-outcomes/. For a conditional caution, the child must not deny the offence rather than make an admission – see ‘Conditional cautioning: youths – Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) guidance’, Crown Prosecution Service, updated 5 November 2019, para 9.2, https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/conditional-cautioning-youths-dpp-guidance
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- 316. ‘Youth out-of-court disposals: guide for police and youth offending services’, MOJ and YJB, 2013, p14, para 4.11, https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/438139/out-court-disposal-guide.pdf (the guidance is currently under review and a new version is expected)
- 317. ‘ACPO youth offender case disposal gravity factor matrix’, ACPO, March 2013, para 15.0, available at: https://yjlc.uk/resources/legalterms-z/acpo-gravity-matrix
- 318.a. b. ‘Legal guidance: Youth offenders’, CPS, updated 28 April 2020, www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/youth-offenders
- 319. ‘Youth out-of-court disposals: guide for police and youth offending services’, MOJ and YJB, 2013, https://assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/438139/out-court-disposal-guide.pdf (the guidance is currently under review and a new version is expected)
- 320. May 2019, www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-use-out-of-court-disposals/how-to-use-out-of-court-disposals-section-1- case-management-guidance
- 321. ‘DBS filtering guide’, Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) and MOJ, updated 19 November 2020, www.gov.uk/government/publications/ dbs-filtering-guidance/dbs-filtering-guide
- 322. R (AR) v Chief Constable of GMP [2018] UKSC 47
- 323. See ‘Unlock: For people with criminal records’, https://unlock.org.uk/ for detailed guidance which can be useful to share with clients
- 324. ‘ACPO youth offender case disposal gravity factor matrix’ available at: https://yjlc.uk/resources/legal-terms-z/acpo-gravity-matrix
- 325. See s37 Crime and Disorder Act 1998; s11 Children Act 2004; arts 3(1) and 40(3) United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child
- 326. Department for Education, Home Office and MOJ, November 2018, www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-protocol-onreducing-criminalisation-of-looked-after-children
- 327. This is currently being drafted
- 328. November 2021, https://yjlc.uk/resources/legal-guides-and-toolkits/child-criminal-exploitation
- 329.a. b. ‘County lines exploitation: practice guidance for youth offending teams and frontline practitioners’, MOJ, published 15 October 2019, updated 6 January 2020, p5, www.gov.uk/government/publications/county-lines-exploitation
- 330. ‘Criminal exploitation of children and vulnerable adults: county lines’, Home Office, published 11 July 2017, updated 7 February 2020, www.gov.uk/government/publications/criminal-exploitation-of-children-and-vulnerable-adults-county-lines
- 331. ‘Covid-19, vulnerability and the safeguarding of criminally exploited children’, Dr G Robinson, Dr B Brewster, V Brotherton, Prof Sir B Silverman from the University of Nottingham’s Rights Lab, and Prof D Walsh from the De Montfort University School of Law, June 2021. The ongoing project, ‘Covid-19 and child criminal exploitation: closing urgent knowledge and data gaps on the implications of pandemic for county lines’, is funded by UK Research and Innovation
- 332. ‘National Referral Mechanism: guidance for child first responders’, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/233310/NRM_child_first_responders_guidance.pdf
- 333. ‘Human Trafficking Indictors’, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/ HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf and https://yjlc.uk/resources/legal-guides-and-toolkits/child-criminal-exploitation
- 334.a. b. R v Brecani [2021] EWCA Crim 731 at para 9
- 335. VCL and AN v UK, App Nos 77587/12 and 74603/12
- 336. Consider the YLJC guide, ‘Instructing an expert: a toolkit for lawyers and expert witnesses in criminal cases involving children’, https:// yjlc.uk/resources/legal-guides-and-toolkits/instructing-expert-toolkit-lawyers-and-expert-witnesses
- 337. See the CPS guidance ‘Modern Slavery, Human Trafficking and Smuggling’, 30 April 2020, www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/modernslavery-human-trafficking-and-smuggling
- 338. R v Brecani [2021] EWCA Crim 731
- 339. R v D [2018] EWCA Crim 2995
- 340. At para 9
- 341. At para 160
- 342. At para 162
- 343. April 2021, https://yjlc.uk/resources/legal-guides-and-toolkits/trauma-informed-lawyering
- 344. March 2021, https://yjlc.uk/resources/legal-guides-and-toolkits/turning-18
- 345. R v AAD, AAH and AAI [2022] EWCA Crim 106
- 346. F Demie, ‘The experience of Black Caribbean pupils in school exclusion in England’, Educational Review, vol 73, 2021, issue 1, 24 April 2019
- 347.a. b. ‘Annual Report 2017–18’, HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/761589/hmi-prisons-annual-report-2017-18-revised-web.pdf
- 348. 'Instructing an expert: a toolkit for lawyers and expert witnesses in criminal cases involving children’, https://yjlc.uk/resources/legalguides-and-toolkits/instructing-expert-toolkit-lawyers-and-expert-witnesses
- 349. The parties are under a duty to alert the court to any ‘potential impediment to the defendant’s effective participation in the trial’: Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR) 3.3(2)(f), inserted by Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2021 SI 2021/40
- 350. 2021, www.judiciary.uk/announcements/equal-treatment-bench-book-new-edition/; see also the Youth Court Bench Book, June 2020, www.judiciary.uk/publications/youth-court-bench-book-and-pronouncement-cards/
- 351. ETBB, Chapter 4, p133, para 116
- 352. R (TP) v West London Youth Court [2005] EWHC 2583 (Admin) at para 36
- 353. Criminal Practice Directions – Division I: General Matters – 3G Vulnerable defendants, www.gov.uk/guidance/rules-and-practicedirections-2020
- 354. R (C) v Sevenoaks Youth Court [2009] EWHC 3088 (Admin); R (D) v Camberwell Youth Court [2005] UKLH 4
- 355. s44(1) Children and Young Persons Act 1933
- 356. ‘Standards for children in the youth justice system 2019’, YJB and MOJ, February 2019, www.gov.uk/government/publications/nationalstandards-for-youth-justice-services
- 357. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, YJB and MOJ, 27 January 2022, Figure 7.7, p41, https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 358. ‘Ethnic disproportionality in remand and sentencing in the youth justice system’, YJB, 21 January 2021, p9, para 17, www.gov.uk/ government/publications/ethnic-disproportionality-in-remand-and-sentencing-in-the-youth-justice-system
- 359. ‘Youth Justice Statistics, 2020/21, England and Wales’, YJB and MOJ, 27 January 2022, para 1, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054236/Youth_Justice_Statistics_2020-21.pdf
- 360. ‘A thematic inspection of the experiences of black and mixed heritage boys in the youth justice system’, HMIP, 21 October 2021, www. justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/inspections/black-and-mixed-heritage-boys/
- 361. See, for example, T Almond, ‘Asset: An assessment tool that safeguards or stigmatizes young offenders?’, Probation Journal, vol 59(2), June 2012, p142
- 362. ‘Youth Justice Statistics: 2019 to 2020’, YJB and MOJ, 2021, www.gov.uk/government/statistics/youth-justice-statistics-2019-to-2020; and ‘Ethnic disproportionality in remand and sentencing in the youth justice system: analysis of administrative data’, YJB, 2021
- 363. See definition in Part 1 of this series
- 364. ‘Sentencing children and young people: Overarching principles and offence specific guidelines for sexual offences and robbery – Definitive Guideline’, Sentencing Council, 2017, www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/publications/item/sentencing-children-and-youngpeople-definitive-guideline/
- 365. Para 1.18
- 366. ‘Overarching principles: sentencing offenders with mental disorders, developmental disorders, or neurological impairments’, Sentencing Council, 2020, para 5, www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/publications/item/overarching-principles-sentencing-offenders-with-mentaldisorders-developmental-disorders-or-neurological-impairments-final-resource-assessment/
- 367. ‘Supplying or offering to supply a controlled drug/ possession of a controlled drug with intent to supply it to another’, Sentencing Council, 1 April 2021, www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/offences/magistrates-court/item/supplying-or-offering-to-supply-a-controlled-drugpossession-of-a-controlled-drug-with-intent-to-supply-it-to-another/
- 368. Sentencing Council, ‘Ethnicity data: what we have and how we use it in developing guidelines’, 24 June 2021, www.sentencingcouncil. org.uk/news/item/ethnicity-data-what-we-have-and-how-we-use-it-in-developing-guidelines/, referencing Sentencing Council, ‘Investigating the association between an offender’s sex and ethnicity and the sentence imposed at the Crown Court for drug offences’, 15 January 2020, www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/publications/item/investigating-the-association-between-an-offenders-sex-andethnicity-and-the-sentence-imposed-at-the-crown-court-for-drug-offences/
- 369. Sentencing Council, published 9 December 2020 and coming into force 1 January 2021 www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/sentencing-andthe-council/about-sentencing-guidelines/about-published-guidelines/firearms-offences/
- 370. YJLC, https://yjlc.uk/resources/legal-updates/new-sentencing-guidelines-firearms-offences-published
- 371. 2021, www.judiciary.uk/announcements/equal-treatment-bench-book-new-edition/; see also the Youth Court Bench Book, June 2020, www.judiciary.uk/publications/youth-court-bench-book-and-pronouncement-cards/
- 372. Paras 185–201
- 373. Paras 202–203
- 374. Sentencing Council, para 1.2, www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/overarching-guides/magistrates-court/item/sentencing-children-andyoung-people/#Section%20one:%20General%20approach
- 375. Professor K Hollingsworth (Newcastle University) ‘Sentencing remarks for children: a new approach’, Newcastle Law School Research Briefing No 14; and ‘”This is a case about you and your future”: Towards judgments for children’ (2020) 83(5) Modern Law Review 1030–1058
- 376. See in Part 1 of this series
- 377. Article 6(1), European Convention on Human Rights; General Comment No 24 (2019) ‘Children’s Rights in the Child Justice System’ (replacing General Comment No 10 (2007); ‘Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice’ para 57; and General Comment No 12 (2009) ‘The right of the child to be heard’, para 28; V v UK; T v UK (1999) 30 EHRR 121; Taxquet v Belgium (Grand Chamber) (2012) 54 EHRR 26; and Seryavin and others v Ukraine, App No 4909/04, [2011] ECHR 255, which required not only that reasons be given but that they be given clearly
- 378. Magistrates’ Courts (Children and Young Persons) Rules 1992 SI 1992/2071 rule 6(1) and (2) (Part II, applies to criminal proceedings); Youth Court Bench Book, June 2020, www.judiciary.uk/publications/youth-court-bench-book-and-pronouncement-cards/; ‘Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on child-friendly justice’, Council of Europe, 2010. For a brief discussion of how guidance on child-friendly justice has evolved, see H Stalford, L Cairns and J Marshall, ‘Achieving child friendly justice through child friendly methods: let’s start with the right to information’ (2017) 5 Social Inclusion 207, 207–208
- 379. See in Part 1 of this series
- 380. 7 H Stalford, K Hollingsworth, ‘“This case is about you and your future”: towards judgments for children’, Modern Law Review, vol 83, issue 5,14 May 2020, pp1030–1058
- 381. H Stalford, K Hollingsworth, ‘“This case is about you and your future”: towards judgments for children’, Modern Law Review, vol 83, issue 5,14 May 2020, pp1030–1058
- 382. Re A (letter to a young peson) [2017] EWFC 48
- 383. S Paul, ‘Tackling racial injustice: children and the youth justice system’, JUSTICE, 25 February 2021, https://files.justice.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2021/02/23104938/JUSTICE-Tackling-Racial-Injustice-Children-and-the-Youth-Justice-System.pdf
- 384. See, for instance, D Conn, ‘One death, 11 jailed teenagers: was a Moss Side murder trial racist?’, The Observer, 5 June 2021, www. theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/05/one-death-11-jailed-teenagers-was-a-moss-side-trial-racist?
- 385. T Ward and S Fouladvand, ‘Bodies of knowledge and robes of expertise: expert evidence about drugs, gangs and human trafficking’, [2021] (6) CrimLR 442–460, citing research in L Fatsis, ‘Policing the beats: the criminalization of UK drill and grime music by the London Metropolitan Police’ (2019) 67 Sociological Review 1300, 1305–1308; A Owusu-Bempah, ‘Part of art or part of life? Rap lyrics in criminal trials’, London School of Economics, 27 August 2020
- 386. P Williams and B Clarke, ‘Dangerous associations: Joint enterprise, gangs and racism: An analysis of the process of criminalisation of Black, Asian and minority ethnic individuals’, (2016) Centre for Crime and Justice Studies
- 387. See ‘Defending Digga D: criminal behaviour orders, rehabilitation and cultural censorship’, Bindmans LLP, 11 December 2020, www. bindmans.com/insight/blog/defending-digga-d-criminal-behaviour-orders-rehabilitation-and-cultural-censorship
- 388. P Williams and B Clarke, ‘Dangerous associations: joint enterprise, gangs and racism: an analysis of the process of criminalisation of Black, Asian and minority ethnic individuals’ (2016) Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. See also: S Swann, ‘Drill and rap music on trial’, BBC News, 13 January 2021, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55617706; see also K Rymajdo, ‘Drill lyrics are being used against young Black men in court’, Vice, 24 August 2020, www.vice.com/en/article/4ayp5d/drill-lyrics-used-against-young-Black-men-court-uk%20
- 389. ‘Trapped in the matrix: secrecy, stigma, and bias in the Met’s gangs database’, Amnesty International, May 2018, www.amnesty.org.uk/ files/2018-05/Inside%20the%20matrix.pdf?VersionId=VtHJ.NawP4favLWa0mjswpaSStRrPneB
- 390. K Henning, ‘The rage of innocence: how America criminalizes Black youth’, Pantheon, September 2021
- 391. For commentary, see: quoted in: P Williams and B Clark, ‘Dangerous associations: joint enterprise, gangs and racism: an analysis of the process of criminalisation of Black, Asian and minority ethnic individuals’, (2016) Centre for Crime and Justice Studies
- 392. The problem is also prevalent in the US. For a more thorough exposition of the problems posed by allegations of gang affiliation, see John M Hagedorn’s ‘Gangs on trial: challenging stereotypes and demonization in the courts’, Temple University Press, January 2022. This text considers how to combat racial stereotypes in trials and sentencing hearings where gang membership is relied upon, and applies concepts from social psychology to understand injustice, ultimately arguing that dehumanisation is the psychological foundation of mass incarceration
- 393. See, for example, K Rymajdo, ‘Drill lyrics are being used against young Black men in court’, Vice, 24 August 2020, www.vice.com/en/ article/4ayp5d/drill-lyrics-used-against-young-Black-men-court-uk%20
- 394. ‘Part of art or part of life? Rap lyrics in criminal trials’, LSE British Politics and Policy, 27 August 27 2020
- 395. K Monteith QC, ‘Rap and the State’s double whammy: lack of expert challenge to racist stereotyping’, Garden Court Chambers, 10 May 2021, www.gardencourtchambers.co.uk/news/rap-and-the-states-double-whammy-lack-of-expert-challenge-to-racist-stereotyping
- 396. [2014] EWCA Crim 2412
- 397. J Ilan, ‘Digital street culture decoded: why criminalizing drill music is street illiterate and counterproductive’, (2020) The British Journal of Criminology, 60(4), pp994–1013, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azz086
- 398.a. b. c. d. T Ward and S Fouladvand, ‘Bodies of knowledge and robes of expertise: expert evidence about drugs, gangs and human trafficking’, [2021] (6) CrimLR 442–460
- 399. The Court of Appeal has recommended that such a direction should be given: R v Solomon [2019] EWCA Crim 1356
- 400. R v Soloman [2019] EWCA Crim 1356 at para 12
- 401. S Paul, ‘Tackling racial injustice: children and the youth justice system’, JUSTICE, 25 February 2021, para 2.51, https://files.justice.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2021/02/23104938/JUSTICE-Tackling-Racial-Injustice-Children-and-the-Youth-Justice-System.pdf
- 402. In T Ward and S Fouladvand, ‘Bodies of knowledge and robes of expertise: expert evidence about drugs, gangs and human trafficking’, [2021] (6) CrimLR 442–460. Academic discourse in this area has been led by Dr T Ward and Dr S Fouladvand and this section of our guidance draws heavily on their critique
- 403. The principal argument advanced in T Ward and S Fouladvand, ‘Bodies of knowledge and robes of expertise: expert evidence about drugs, gangs and human trafficking’, [2021] (6) CrimLR 442–460
- 404. Professor Tony Ward and Dr Shahrzad Fouladvand, April 2021, cited in Keir Monteith QC, ‘Rap and the State’s double whammy: Lack of expert challenge to racist stereotyping’, Garden Court Chambers, 10 May 2021, www.gardencourtchambers.co.uk/news/rap-and-thestates-double-whammy-lack-of-expert-challenge-to-racist-stereotyping
- 405.a. b. Available at: www.gov.uk/guidance/rules-and-practice-directions-2020
- 406. ‘Instructing an expert a toolkit for lawyers and expert witnesses in criminal cases involving children’, https://yjlc.uk/resources/legalguides-and-toolkits/instructing-expert-toolkit-lawyers-and-expert-witnesses
- 407. The central thesis of T Ward and S Fouladvand, ‘Bodies of knowledge and robes of expertise: expert evidence about drugs, gangs and human trafficking’, [2021] (6) CrimLR 442–460
- 408. Byrne v R [2021] EWCA Crim 107 at para 99
- 409. Myrers v The Queen (Bermuda) [2015] UKPC 40, [2016] AC 314; and R v Hodges [2003] EWCA Crim 290, [2003] 2 CrAppR 15. As agued in T Ward and S Fouladvand, ‘Bodies of knowledge and robes of expertise: expert evidence about drugs, gangs and human trafficking’, [2021] (6) CrimLR 442–460
- 410. Myers v The Queen (Bermuda) [2015] UKPC 40, [2016] AC 314 at para 58
- 411. Myers v The Queen (Bermuda) [2015] UKPC 40, [2016] AC 314 at para 60
- 412. Myers v The Queen (Bermuda) [2015] UKPC 40, [2016] AC 314; and Hodges [2003] EWCA Crim 290, [2003] 2 CrAppR 15
- 413. See R v O [2010] EWCA Crim 2985
- 414. R v O [2010] EWCA Crim 2985
- 415. [2021] EWCA Crim 673
- 416. [2021] EWCA Crim 673 at para 33
- 417. This point is advanced in T Ward and S Fouladvand, ‘Bodies of knowledge and robes of expertise: expert evidence about drugs, gangs and human trafficking’, [2021] (6) CrimLR 442–460. The concepts described in this article derive from research presented in the following articles: H Collins and M Evans, ‘Rethinking expertise’, University of Chicago Press, 2007, p23; H Collins, ‘Language and practice’ (2011) 41 Social Studies of Science 271, 282; J Ilan, ‘Digital street culture decoded: why criminalizing drill music is illiterate and counterproductive’, (2020) 60 Brit J Criminol 994; Collins and Evans, ‘Rethinking expertise’ (2007), pp22–23; E Nielson and A Dennis, ‘Rap on trial: race, lyrics, and guilt in America’, The New Press, 2019, pp131–137
- 418.a. b. c. As argued in T Ward and S Fouladvand, ‘Bodies of knowledge and robes of expertise: expert evidence about drugs, gangs and human trafficking’, [2021] (6) CrimLR 442–460
- 419. [2021] EWCA Crim 731
- 420. [2021] EWCA Crim 731 at para 54
- 421. Awoyemi v R [2016] EWCA Crim 668
- 422. Awoyemi v R [2016] EWCA Crim 668 para 9
- 423.a. b. Ibid
- 424. ‘Terms and Conditions: A UK Drill Story’, GRM Daily, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kno5T4y5SBY
- 425. B Beaumont-Thomas, ‘Stars including Jay-Z call for the end to use of rap lyrics as criminal evidence’, The Guardian, 19 January 2022, www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jan/19/stars-including-jay-z-call-for-end-to-use-of-rap-lyrics-as-criminal-evidence
- 426. ‘Decision making in “gang” related offences’, CPS, updated 4 November 2021, www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/gang-related-offencesdecision-making
- 427. ‘CPS to review guidance on using drill music as evidence’, BBC News, 24 January 2022, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandnottinghamshire-60070345
- 428. CrimPR 19.2(1)(a)
- 429. CrimPR 19.2(3)(a)–(d)
- 430. CrimPR 19.3(3)(c)
- 431. CrimPR 19.3(3)(d)
- 432. CrimPR 19.4(a)
- 433. CrimPR 19.4(b)
- 434. CrimPR 19.4(c)
- 435.a. b. Byrne v R [2021] EWCA Crim 107 at para 100
- 436.a. b. CrimPR 19.4(i)
- 437.a. b. CrimPR 19.4(j)
- 438.a. b. CrimPR 19.4(k)
- 439. CrimPR 19.4(d)
- 440. CrimPR 19.4(e)
- 441. CrimPR 19.4(f)
- 442. CrimPR 19.4(g)
- 443. CrimPR 19.4(h)
- 444. CrimPD V 19A.5
- 445. CrimPD V 19A.6